Chapter 7 语用学 (2016年1)概要1.pptVIP

(1) Performatives vs. Constatives Constatives (表述句) Sentences describing facts Can be true or false Snow is white John went to a movie last night Performatives (施为句) Sentences having to do with actions Cannot be true or false I name the ship Queen Elizabeth I promise to have dinner with you next week Speech Act Theory Though performatives cannot be true or false, there are still conditions for them to meet to be appropriate or felicitous: felicity conditions（适宜性条件）. ① There must be a relevant conventional procedure; the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate; ② The procedure must be executed correctly and completely; ③ The relevant people must have the requisite thoughts, feelings and intentions, and must follow it up with actions as specified. Performatives are not true/false But they can be happy/unhappy, felicitous /infelicitous (恰当 合适) “I pronounce you husband and wife” felicitous – if said by a priest at a wedding ceremony Infelicitous – if said by a me in this class So, performatives have felicity conditions(适切条件) Speech Act Theory However, Austin soon realized that these conditions only apply to some cases. There are cases in which one does not need a conventional procedure to produce a performative. To make a promise one can either say “I promise” or “I give my word for it”. There is no strict procedures for doing it. The constative sentences may also be infelicitous in these ways. Speech Act Theory Then Austin explored the possibility of separating performatives from constatives on grammatical and lexical criteria. Yet, it seems that the distinction between performatives and constatives cannot be maintained. All sentences can be used to do things. CONTEXT INTENTION MEANING TYPE OF ACT A friend has just asked how I feel To answer the question I feel fatigued Statement Someone Im trying to avoid has asked me if Id like to go dancing tonight To politely avoid her Id rather not  Statement  My husband and I are watching a footba