consideration2概要1
consideration 对价;points;Introduction;; Consideration consists of a legal detriment (损害)and a bargain. ;Definition;Consideration is defined by the court in Currie v. Misa (1875) L.R. 10 Ex 153 as ‘some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing(产生) to one party, or some forbearance(自制、忍耐), detriment, loss, or responsibility given, suffered or undertaken by the other, but to this definition there should be added that the benefit accruing or the detriment sustained was in return for a promise given or received.(按照1875年英国高等法院在Currie V. Misa案的判决中所下的定义,所谓对价是指合同一方得到的某种权利、利息、利润或其他利益,或是合同另一方克制自己不行使某项权利或遭受某项损失,或由此而承担的某种责任。简单的说,对价就是“诺言的回报”或“诺言的代价”);Explanations to the definition; 完整地说,对价是使诺言对诺言人产生约束力的与诺言互为交易对象的东西。;Function ;General rules on Consideration;;即对价必须是真实的,必须具有某种价值,但不要求等值。
如甲聘请乙为雇员,约定每月工资为500元人民币。这项雇佣合同是有对价的,至于500的对价是否与乙所提供的劳务相等,法院不予过问。同样的,如果商人愿意以很低的价格出售其价值很高的商品,法院也不予查究(但不正当竞争除外)。
但是,如果对价很不充分,也就是我国法律上所说的“显失公平”,足以构成“诈欺”或“重大误解”,当事人可以请求撤销合同。但这是另一个问题,而不是由于对价不充分而使合同不能执行。
;3、Consideration must happen at the same of promising or after promising.(对价必须是待履行的对价或已履行的对价,而不能是过去的对价)
Past consideration happen before promising.
As a matter of principle, past consideration can’t force the promise to be carried out.
例如,甲主动将乙丢失的狗还给乙,乙出于感激愿意支付一定报酬给甲,但是甲并不能强求乙支付报酬,因为甲的行为在乙的诺言之前发生,因此不能算作对价。 。
由此可见,在原则上,英美法不承认大陆法上的“无因管理”行为可以成为债的发生原因。
无因管理:没有法定或者约定义务,为避免造成损失,主动管理他人事务或为他人提供服务的行为;4.Consideration must be possible to perform;5.Consideration must be legal;6.Consideration must move from the promisee.; 7、Consideration must not be too vague(对价不能太模糊不清).; 8、Performance of an existing contractual duty is not valuable consideration.(既存的义务不能成为对价);The obligations prescribed by law can’t be seen as consideration.(法律规定的义务不能成为对价);;Exceptions(例外) to the Consideration Requirement;Exceptions(例外) to the Consideration Requirement;;;;Exceptions(例外) to the Consideration Requirement; Its function is to make the originally unbinding promise to be binding to the promissor.;Exceptions(例外)
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