genomics proteomics.ppt

* Two dimesional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis , in which proteins are separated according to charge (pI) by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in the first dimension and according to size in the second dimesion (M) by SDS, has an unique capacity for the resolution of complex mixtures of proteins. Old technique with problems of irreproducibility of 2D gels In the first dimension IEF: generated by conventional method using carrier ampholytes CA-IEF due to pH gradient instability with prolonged focusing time. Batch to batch variability The problems were overcome by the introduction of immobilized pH gradients for IEF. (In 1982) In the second dimesion: batches of ready-made gradient gels are available in the market, avoid manual manipulation, manual gradients. * * This image depicts the differents stages in this technique. * Without applications, proteomics is just technology, To ilustrate some applications: - Cancer proteomics - Peptidomics: for profiling small proteins in the human fluids - In Neuroscience -Toxicoproteomics: a new preclinical tool to revolutionary drug target discovery Conclusions Proteomics provides a powerful set of tools for the large-scale study of gene function directly at the protein level. In the near future, proteomics will provide a wealth of protein–protein interaction data, Assays to determine protein function using purified proteins will be automated and performed in miniaturized grid formats in parallel for thousands of proteins. * * In 2003 scientists in the Human Genome Project achieved a long-sought goal by obtaining the DNA sequence of the 3.2 billion base pairs (the order of As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) making up the human genome. The DNA sequence spells out the exact instructions needed to maintain and reproduce a living organism – whether it’s a person, a plant, or a paramecium. ? Some fascinating insights so far: -???????? The human genome is almost (99.9%) exactly the same in all people. -???????? Only 2% of the