词法与句法.pptVIP

1 1.词类(Parts of Speech) 2.词形变化 1.句子成分(Members of Sentence) 3）宾语(Object): 表示动作施加的对象或内容，或用于介词后与介词一起构成介词短语。通常由名词、代词或与之相当的结构担任。 e.g. She has been learning phonetics recently. We all like him. 4）定语(Attribute): 修饰名词，通常由形容词或与之相当的结构担任。 e.g. This is a difficult problem. I have something important to tell you. 5）状语(Adverbial): 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词或与之相当的结构担任。 e.g. John runs fast. The boy is very careful with his work. 6）表语(Predicative): 说明主语的性质、特征、状态、名称或身份等，通常由名词、代词、形容词或与之相当的结构担任.表语一般与系动词构成复合谓语，放在系动词后。 e.g. My uncle is a writer. The picture looks beautiful. 7）补语(Complement): 补充说明宾语或主语，说明其名词、特征、状态或所做动作等。通常由动词、名词、形容词或其它相当的结构担任。补语不可省略。 补充说明宾语的成分被称为宾语补语(Object Complement), 宾补和宾语一起构成复合宾语(Complex Object); 补充说明主语的成分被称为主语补语(Subject Complement), 主补通常只出现在被动语态的句中。 e.g. The teacher asked the students to study hard.（动词不定式作宾补） They all consider this task important.(形容词作宾补） The students were asked by the teacher to study hard. (动词不定式作主补） This task is considered important.（形容词作主补） 8）同位语(Appositive): 对主语、宾语、表语等名词性成分进行解释，说明其内容。通常由名词、代词、数词或与之相当的词充当。同位语可省略。 e.g. John’s uncle is a teacher, a physics teacher. （与表语同位） Mary, the second, got to her feet and went away. (与主语同位) The thing itself is not significant. （与主语同位) “V + 双宾语”结构为: V + sb.(间宾) + sth.(直宾) V + sth. (直宾) + for/to + sb. (间宾) 以下词可接双宾语： buy, make(制作), find, book(预定), show, leave(留下), send, give, lend, borrow, bring, tell, write, teach, envy, pass(传递), offer, return, pay, wish, take, promise, fetch(去取), do, get, order(订购) e.g. do me a favor 帮我一个忙 = do a favor for me promise Jim a bicycle 答应给吉姆一辆自行车 = promise a bicycle to Jim book her a ticket 给她订一张票 = book a ticket for her teach John English 教约翰英语 = teach English to John leave him enough food 给他留足够的食物