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会计职业Accounting Professions
国际会计师联合国(IFAC)的部分成员 国际会计师联合国(IFAC)的部分成员 文化的影响什么是文化? “the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another Culture, in this sense, includes systems of values; and values are among the building blocks of culture” Hofstede 文化的结构要素 Hofstede – 4 Underlying societal dimensions 个人主义Individualism 权力距离Power Distance 不确定性规避Uncertainty Avoidance 阳刚之气Masculinity Hofstede and Bond – 5th dimension 长短期倾向Short v. Longterm Orientation: Confucion Dynamism 文化 德国 美国 日本 香港 权力距离 35 40 54 68 不确定性回避 65 46 92 29 个人主义 67 91 46 25 阳刚之气 66 62 95 57 长短期倾向 31 29 80 96 Gray的会计价值观和Hofstede’s Cutural Dimensions的关系 Source: Adapted From Baydoun and Roger Willett, “Cultural Relevance of western accounting systems to Developing countries”Abacus (march,1995):71 From Choi, Frost, Meek, ‘International Accounting’ 4th Edition, Prentice Hall,page47 Cultural Dimension (Hofstede) Accounting Values( Gray) Professionalism Uniformity Conservatism Secrecy Individualism Power Distance Uncertainty Avoidance Masculinity + - - ? - + + ? - ? + - - + + - 会计准则的国际发展进程 国际会计比较:通过分类理解差异 分类的目的 Predictions of problems and identification of solutions in the same group Developing countries will be informed of systems in other countries Assess issues of international harmonization FDI decisions Help accountants and auditors operate internationally 分类方法 演绎法Deductive Approach Mueller (1967) Nobes (1983; 1998) Gray (1988) 归纳法Inductive Approach Nair and Frank (1980) Doupnik and Salter (1995) Mueller’s classification system Macroeconomic pattern 宏观经济模式 Business accounting is tied to national economic policies – Examples: Sweden Goals of Corporation follow rather than lead national economic policies (e.g., might smooth earnings to promote economic stability) Microeconomic pattern微观经济模式 Accounting is a branch of business economics – Example: replacement-value acc
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