公共福利的心理和态度反应概要1.ppt

Reactive Attitudes and the Psychology of Public Welfare Programs 公共福利的心理和态度反应 The analysis so far suggests that human beings have evolved a psychology that supports the formation of stable cooperative ventures. Where the purpose of sharing is to insure against economic want, group members will not be allowed to choose when to draw upon the resources of the group. 到目前为止的分析表明，人类已经形成一种心理，就是支持稳定的合作形式的形成。 这种合作的目的就是确保能够抑制经济欲望，团体成员将不被允许选择何时能够利用团队的资源。 A rule of self-qualification will produce a “tragedy of the commons” by encouraging indiscriminate withdrawals from the pool and by prompting group members to defect. Stability of informal cooperative groups requires that members be expected to produce, contribute, and support themselves if they are able to do so, and permits dependency on others only for bad luck, disability, or misfortune. 一种自身合格的规则通过鼓励不分青红皂白的从池中取款和鼓励小组成员的缺陷将会产生“公地悲剧”。 非正式合作团体的稳定要求成员尽可能地生产、贡献和支持自己，并且只有在不幸、残疾或者遭遇灾祸的时候才能依赖别人。 These terms of eligibility amount to adopting a “dynamic” notion of need that recognizes a distinction between “deserving” and “undeserving” beneficiaries. 这些项目的资格实际上是采用需求的“动态”概念，来区分“应得”和“不应得”的受益者。 eligibility n. 适任，合格；被选举资格 notion n. 概念；见解；打算 Although we would expect that judgmental attitudes based on these distinctions would figure quite prominently in informal settings, it does not follow that such attitudes will carry over to poor relief schemes mandated by government. 虽然我们可以期待基于这些区别的批判态度会在非正式场合相当突出，但这并不是说这样的批判态度会在由政府强制执行的贫困救济计划中继续存在。 As the analysis in section 8 below indicates, strong governments can coerce citizens to contribute to others’ support without their consent. 如下第八部分的分析表明，强大的政府可以强制公民为他人的支持做贡献而无需经过他们的同意。 coerce [k????s] vt. 强制，迫使 consent vi. 同意；赞成；答应 n. 同意；（意见等的）一致；赞成 Because the taxing power can perform the stabilizing function of group norms, governments can mandate group sharing arrangements even on terms that violate reciprocity conventions. norm