3水 准 测 量（国外英文资料）.docVIP

3水 准 测 量 Elevation surveying: the work of measuring the elevation of ground points Method of height measurement Leveling - the work of leveling with a level is the main method of height measurement. Instrument: level The primary function of a level is to point out a horizontal line of sight. Other leveling methods: trigonometric leveling and GPS surveying Level of levelling Points one or two, three or four, etc. (according to accuracy requirements, control range) First class leveling: only in the national hierarchy As the height control of the country, a unified height datum is established; Scientific research (crustal deformation, land subsidence and precise measurement) Two leveling survey: Elevation control for large cities, land subsidence, precision engineering measurements Three or four leveling survey: Elevation control as a small area; general engineering surveying Base level (ordinary level) Leveling principle Leveling is the use of an instrument that provides a horizontal line of sight to measure the elevation difference between two points on the ground A little elevation, calculate another point high A method of procedure. Requirement: measure A, B, elevation difference between two points H Thinking: Erect scales on A, B, Use a level to build a horizontal line of sight The line of sight reads a and B at two feet B is higher than A H=a-b Note: height difference h is positive and negative In order to avoid the occurrence of positive and negative difference calculation error while writing in height must be noticed when writing. For example, hAB is the elevation difference from the A point to the B point, while the hBA indicates the elevation difference from the B point to the A point, that is, the difference between the two points The method of calculating elevation of B points directly using height difference hAB is called elevation difference method. The method of calculating the elevation of B points by using the instrument elevation Hi is called the line