化学系统工程LCA01概要1.pptVIP

Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Sources Natural Stationary CO CO2 SO2 NO NO2 Most hydrocarbons Most suspended particles SO3 HNO3 H2SO4 H2O2 O3 PANs Most and salts NO3 – Mobile SO4 2 – Primary pollutant – harmful chemical emitted directly into the air by natural events or human activities and occurs in a harmful concentration Secondary pollutant - harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere when a primary air pollutant reacts with normal air components or other air pollutants Carbon monoxide (CO) Description: Colorless, odorless gas that is poisonous to air-breathing animals; forms during the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels (2 C + O2 2 CO). Major human sources: Cigarette smoking, incomplete burning of fossil fuels. About 77% (95% in cities) comes from motor vehicle exhaust. Health effects: Reacts with hemoglobin in red blood cells and reduces the ability of blood to bring oxygen to body cells and tissues. This impairs perception and thinking; slows reflexes; causes headaches, drowsiness, dizziness, and nausea; can trigger heart attacks and angina; damages the development of fetuses and young children; and aggravates chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and anemia. At high levels it causes collapse, coma, irreversible brain cell damage, and death. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Description: Reddish-brown irritating gas that gives photochemical smog its brownish color; in the atmosphere can be converted to nitric acid (HNO3), a major component of acid deposition. Major human sources: Fossil fuel burning in motor vehicles (49%) and power and industrial plants (49%). Health effects: Lung irritation and damage; aggravates asthma and chronic bronchitis; increases susceptibility to respiratory infections such as the flu and common colds (especially in young children and older adults). Environmental effects: Reduces visibility; acid deposition of HNO3 can damage trees, soils, and aquatic life in lakes. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Description: Colorless, irritating