第三章 社会网络简介.pptVIP

社會網絡簡介 2004 蘇國賢 社會網絡分析的崛起 透過社會網絡分析可以較為精準的勾勒出何謂的「社會結構環境」。社會環境可以表為互動單位(interacting units)的固定關係模式或規則。一般將這種固定的關係模式稱為「結構」(structure)。 將焦點置於關係模式需要一套有別於傳統統計分析的新方法及分析概念。 社會網絡的觀點 (1)行動者及其行動之間具有互相依賴關係，而不是將之視為獨立自主的個體。 (2)行動者之間的連結關係(ties)為資源移轉及流通的管道。 (3)網絡模型認為網絡結構環境可以為個別行動提供機會或產生行動的侷限(constraint)。 (4)網絡模型將「結構」視為是行動者之間的持續關係模式。(Wasserman Faust, 1994:4) Five paradigmatic characteristics of structural analysis結構分析的五個典範特質 (1) 以結構對於行動的侷限來解釋行為，而不是以行動者的某種內在力量（如內化的社會規範）驅使行為朝向自願、具目的性的方向來解釋行為Behavior is interpreted in terms of structural constraints on activity rather than in terms of inner forces within units (e.g., socialization to norm) that impel behavior in a voluntaristic, sometimes teleological, push toward the desired goal. Five paradigmatic characteristics of structural analysis結構分析的五個典範特質 (2) 分析策略專注於行動單位間的關連，而非試圖對各種內在屬性來進行整理分類來進行分析。Analyses focus on the relations between units, instead of trying to sort units into categories defined by the inner attributes (or essence of) these units. Five paradigmatic characteristics of structural analysis結構分析的五個典範特質 (3) 關心多個互動單位所構成的關係整體模式如何影響個別行動者的行為，而非行為者如何與多個獨立的雙人組進行互動。A central consideration is how the patterned relationships among multiple alters jointly affect network members behavior. Hence, it is not assumed that network members engage only in multiple duets with separate alters. Five paradigmatic characteristics of structural analysis結構分析的五個典範特質 (4) 結構被視為是網絡的網絡，這些網絡可能組成更大的類別群組也可能毫無群組可言。網絡分析並不事先預設結構是由界線分明的群體所組成的。Structural is treated as network of networks that may or may not be partitioned into discrete groups. It is not assumed a priori that tightly bounded groups are, intrinsically, the building blocks of the structure. Five paradigmatic characteristics of structural analysis結構分析的五個典範特質 (5) 分析方法上強調直接針對社會結構的關係模式來進行分析，以補強假設分析單位為「獨立」戶不影響的主流社會科學方法。Analytic methods deal directly with the patterned, relational nature of social structure in order to supplement – and sometimes supplant – mainstream methods that demand independent u