煤直接液化技术发展的化学脉络及化学工程挑战论文.pdfVIP

煤直接液化技术发展的化学脉络及化学工程挑战 刘振宇 (北京化工大学化工资源有效利用国家重点实验室,北三环东路15 号，35 信箱，北京 100029，电话：010电子邮箱：liuzy@) 摘要：在煤直接液化技术发展的近百年历史中，国外开发了许多技术，但自二战 以来，均没有工业应用。本世纪以来，我国开始了煤直接液化产业化的工作，神 华集团的第一条100 万t （油）/a 的生产线已建设完毕，即将开始运行，全球瞩目。 宏观而言，煤直接液化技术尚不成熟，需要解决的问题很多，深入认识煤直接液 化过程的本质，把握核心化学反应非常重要。目前文献中关于煤直接液化工艺发 展的文章虽然很多，但大都源于一些早期文献，一引再引，局限于对不同工艺的 表面描述，缺乏对工艺的本质分析及对技术分类的明确判断，看不出技术发展的 化学脉络。本文认为，煤直接液化技术的化学本质是煤大分子结构在热场中裂解 成为自由基碎片的速率和自由基碎片加氢的速率的匹配，两个速率的差异决定了 煤浆预热、煤液化反应，甚至高温条件下产物分离等过程的特征，决定了油收率、 系统中物料结焦、物料输送等行为。本文将从这个基本化学问题的分析入手，讨 论煤直接液化技术发展的脉络和所面临的挑战。 关键词：煤直接液化；自由基；缩聚反应；挑战 Principal chemistry and chemical engineering challenges in direct coal liquefaction technology LIU Zhenyu (State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, Beijing, China) Abstract: Although many processes have been developed during about 100 years’ history of direct coal liquefaction (DCL) technology, no process has been practiced in industry in past 60 years. Since 2000, China started industrial DCL project with the first production line at 1 Mt(oil)/y been built by Shenhua. Theoretically speaking DCL technology is immature, limited insight is available in fundamental chemistry and engineering involved in the process. To understand the nature of the process and identify challenges in chemical engineering, this paper analyzes DCL technology in view of pyrolysis of coal structure to generate free radical fragments and hydrogenation of the free radical fragments to products. The rate balance of these two fundamental reaction steps governs the performance of key equipments, such as slurry preheater, liquefaction reactor, as well as high temperature separator for the product. Key words ：direct coal liquefaction; free radical fragments; retrograde reaction;