胡壮麟语言学教程Chapter 2.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 2.10 Distinctive features Phoneme is regarded as the minimal or basic unit of speech sounds. However, there are smaller features by which phonemes can be distinctive from each other. Many of the features are binary features because we can group them into two categories: one with and the other without this feature. Binary features have two values or specifications denoted by “+” and “-”. Chapter 2 * Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Chapter 2 * Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 2.10 Distinctive features So the rule for voiceless plosive consonants can be presented as: [-voiced, -cont.] [-spread]/s [+spread] This means that /p, t, k/ are unaspirated ([-spread]) after /s/ and aspirated ([+spread]) in all other positions. Chapter 2 * Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 2.11 Syllables Supra-segmental（超音段）: Supra-segmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal supra-segmental features are syllable, stress, tone and intonation. Chapter 2 * Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 2.11 Syllables The syllable structure In English, a word may be MONOSYLLABIC (with one syllable, like cat and dog) or POLYSYLLABIC (with more than one syllable, like transplant or festival). A syllable must have a NUCLEUS（节核）or PEAK（节峰）, which is often the task of a vowel. Chapter 2 * Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 2.11 Syllables The syllable structure However, sometimes it is also possible for a consonant to play the part of a nucleus, as in the word table, which consists of a syllable [tei] and a syllable [bl]. In the second syllable there is only the syllabic consonant [l] to function as the nucleus. Consonants [m, n] also have such function in English, as in bottom [bCtm] and cotton [kCtn]. Chapter 2 * Chapter 2 Speech Sounds 2.11 Syllables The syllable structure When we say that words like b