有限差分方法基础.ppt

材料计算机数值模拟讲义 The Finite Difference Calculus The Purpose and Power of Numerical Methods as well as their Limitations Numerical Methods are a class of methods for Solving a wide variety of Mathematical Problems: the Electronic Computers have been in widespread use since the middle 1950’s; Numerical Methods actually predate electronic computers by many years; Numerical Methods came of age with the introduction of the Electronic Computer. The Combination of Numerical Methods and digital computers has created a tool of immense power in Mathematical Analyses: the Numerical Methods are capable of handling the nonlinearities, complex geometries, and large systems of coupled equations which are necessary for the accurate simulation of many real physical situations; Numerical Methods have displaced classical mathematical analysis in many industrial and research applications; Numerical Methods are so easy and iexpensive to employ and are often available as prepackaged Programs. There are many problems which are still impossible (in some cases we should say “impractical”) to solve using Numerical Methods : for some of these problems no accurate and complete mathemetical model has yet been found; Other problems are simply so enourmous that their solution is beyond practical limits in terms of current computer technology; Of course, the entire question of practicality is strongly dependent upon how much one is willing to spend ... To study Numerical Methods : No complex physical situation can be exactly simulated by a mathematical model; No numerical method is completely trouble-free in all situation; No numerical method is completely error-free; No numerical method is optimal for all situation. Computer languages to Numerical Methods : “high level” computer language such as FORTRAN, ALGOL, or BASIC; Compiler to convert “high level” language to machine code; By far the most widely used algebraic language for scientific purpose is FORTRAN. Now, some language such a