植物营养元素的土壤化学-土壤中氮素(中英文).ppt

图5-2-10 矿质氮在不同施肥土壤剖面中的分布 梁斌等. 2012 小麦收获后土壤剖面矿质氮含量 图5-2-12 两季之后肥料氮的分配 梁斌等. 2012 玉米收获后施用氮肥的去向 高忠霞，杨学云，周建斌，王祥. 农业环境保护学报, 2010，29（8）：1624-1632 表1 小麦-玉米生长期不同处理各形态氮累积淋溶特性 处理 氮 淋溶 总量kg/hm2 NO3--N NH4+-N DON 表观淋溶率 % 净淋溶 率 % 淋溶量 kg/hm2 占总氮淋溶量比例 % 淋溶量 kg/hm2 占总氮淋溶量比例 % 淋溶量 kg/hm2 占总氮淋溶量比例 % NP 4.81 3.59±0.22 74.5 0.07±0.01 1.5 1.15±0.02 24.0 1.3 - NPM 1.73 1.17±0.21 67.7 0.04±0.00 2.4 0.52±0.39 29.9 0.5 -0.9 注：(1)表观淋溶率(%)=氮素淋溶量*100/氮肥施用量； (2)净淋溶率(%)=（施氮处理的氮素淋溶量-不施氮处理的氮素淋溶量）*100/氮肥施用量。 渗漏池深度=100cm Soil organic matter NO3- N fertilizer Manures NH4+ Soil organic matter NH4+ Soil organic matter NH4+ Soil organic matter NO3- NH4+ Soil organic matter Leaching N2O NH3 Mineralization Immobilization 有机无机肥配合施用，是调控土壤碳氮转过过程，协调作物产量与环境保护的有效手段。 “High buffer capacity”: (soil microbial biomass as N pool and source, etc) “Increase N uptake” (balance nutrient, etc) 土壤碳氮循环间的关系 Knicher H. 2011. Soil organic N – An under-rated player for C sequestration in soil? Soil Biology Biochemistry, 43:1118-1129 Sources of N Soil Manure Crop residues Fertilizers Biological N fixation Irrigation water Rain Atmospheric deposition Removal losses Powlson D, 2008 Consider the different scales of N managment Soil processes Field / farm scale Farmer decisions, farm income Landscape catchment scale Water, fisheries. Local government policies Regional national scale Climate change, regional seas. Government policies. International agreements. Wastes N2O, NH3, nitrate Basic science Powlson D, 2008 In spite of 70 years of effort, one of the major goals of N research, that of being able to predict N mineralization, bioavailable N and fertilizer N needs, has not been adequately achieved. The over application of both fertilizer N and natural N supplies is leading to major pollution of the earth’s water and atmospheric resources. Some of the answers lie in better education and policy enactment, but a better understanding of plant and microbial needs also is required. This involves better modelling of N mine