第六章 硼族元素(黄岛版).ppt

第十六章 硼族元素 性质： inert pair effect The inert pair effect, is the tendency of the outermost s electrons to remain unionized or unshared in compounds of post-transition metals. The term inert pair effect is often used in relation to the increasing stability of oxidation states that are 2 less than the group valency for the heavier elements of groups 13, 14, 15 and 16. The term “inert pair” was first proposed by Nevil Sidgwick in 1927. Inert pair effect is a term often used to describe valence electrons in an s orbital penetrating to the nucleus better than electrons in p orbitals making them more tightly bound to the nucleus due to poor shielding effect offered by the inner sub-shells/orbitals and causing bonds involving these electrons to become unfavourable due to the large promotion energy involved. As an example in group 13 the +1 oxidation state of Tl is the most stable and TlIII compounds are comparatively rare. The stability of the +1 oxidation state increases in the following sequence:[2] AlI GaI InI TlI. The same trend in stability is noted in groups 14, 15 and 16. As such the heaviest members of the groups, e.g. lead, bismuth and polonium are comparatively stable in oxidation states +2, +3, and +4 respectively.The lower oxidation state in each of the elements in question has 2 valence electrons in s orbitals. On the face of it a simple explanation could be that the valence electrons in an s orbital are more tightly bound are of higher energy than electrons in p orbitals and therefore less likely to be involved in bonding. Unfortunately this explanation does not stand up. If the total ionization potentials (see below) of the 2 electrons in s orbitals (the 2nd + 3rd ionization potentials), are examined it can be seen that they increase in the sequence: In Al Tl Ga. 硼族元素 1 解：B、Al的第一电离能比左右元素低的原因是：因为B、Al的电子排布式分别为，1s22s22p1, 1s22s22p63s23p1。当失去一个电子后形成较为稳定的全空结构，所以电离能相对左右元素偏低。 第2题 第3题 解：三卤化硼都是共价化合物，熔点和沸点较低，从BF3－BI3顺序规则的增高。 BF3