第四章《操作系统》.pptx

计算机专业英语; An operating system is the software which acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. 操作系统是计算机用户和硬件的软件接口。 The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user may execute program. 操作系统的目的是提供用户一个可以执行程序的环境。 The primary goal of an operating system is thus to make the computer system convenient to use. 操作系统的主要目标因此是使计算机系统便于使用。 A secondary goal is to use the computer hardware in an efficient way. 其次是高效地使用计算机硬件。 ; We can view an operating system as a resource allocator. 我们可以把操作系统看做是一个资源分配器。 A computer system has many resources which may be required to solve a problem: CPU time, memory space, file storage, input/output(I/O) devices, and so on. 一个计算机系统拥有许多资源，因此需要去解决一些问题，如cpu时间，内存空间，文件存储，输入输出设备等。;The operating system acts as the manager of these resources and allocates them to specific programs and users as necessary for their tasks. 操作系统就像是资源管理员，当工作需要时把资源分配给特定的程序和用户。 Since there may be many, possibly conflicting, requests for resources, the OS must decide which requests are allocated resources to operate the computer system fairly and efficiently. 因此有可能会有很多有可能产生冲突的资源请求，操作系统必须决定分配资源给哪个请求能使计算机系统公平和有效的运行。; Early computers were(physically) very large machines run from a console. 早期的计算机是从控制台运行的体积非常大的机器。 The programmer would write a program and then operate the program directly from the operator’s console. 程序员要写一条程序然后直接从操作者的控制台操作程序。; Software such as assemblers, loaders, and compilers improved on the convenience of programming the system, but also required substantial set-up time. 象汇编程序、装入程序及编译程序这样的软件使系统软件编程更方便，但同时也需要大量的启动时间。 To reduce the set-up time, operators were hired and similar jobs were batched together. 为了能减少这些准备时间，操作者就被雇佣，相似的作业成批排在一起。; Batch systems allowed automatic job sequencing by a resident monitor and improved the overall utilization of the computer greatly. 批处理系统通过一个常驻内存的监控程序允许自动的作业定序，因而大大增加了计算机的总体使用率。 The computer no longer had to wait for human operation. 这样计算机就不必再等待用户