心理学研究.ppt

Theory of Personality Ego Ego strives to balance the desires of the id and the realities of the objective, outside world. The Ego works according to the reality principle, in which instinctual energy is restrained to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society. Ego makes decisions, control actions, and allows thinking and problem solving of a higher order than the id’s capabilities permit. Theory of personality Superego Superego represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled. It helps us control impulses coming from the id, making our behavior less selfish and more virtuous Superego has two components: conscience: prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way by making us feel guilty if we do wrong (developed through internalization of punishments and warnings) ego ideal: represents the “perfect person” we wish we were, and motivates us to do what is morally right (derives from rewards and positive models presented to the child) Key features of the psychodynamic approach Our behavior and feelings as adults are rooted in our childhood experiences. Relationships (particularly parenting) are of primary importance in determining how we feel and behave. Our behavior and feelings are powerfully affected by the meaning of events to the unconscious mind The personality is made up of three structures: id, ego and super ego Children develop through a series of fixed stages: oral, anal and phallic. Behaviorism Second force of psychology A doctrine, or set of doctrines about human and nonhuman animal behavior. Goal of behaviorism: to promote the scientific study of observable behavior Influenced by the philosophy of empiricism John B. Watson, Psychology as the Behavior Views It, 1913 Edward C. Tolman B.F.Skinner Key features of behaviorism It is a science. Research tends to take place in a highly scientific and analytical way. It is concerned with the study of observable behavior. The major influence on huma