英语语言学第八章 语用学 pragmatics.ppt

Chapter Eight Language in Use(Pragmatics) 1. Introduction: Definition of Pragmatics The study of language in use. The study of meaning in context. The study of speakers’ meaning, utterance meaning, contextual meaning. Sentence meaning: What does X mean? Utterance meaning: What do you mean by X? Ex. 1. Dog! 2. My bag is heavy. Sentence Meaning context-independent. Utterance Meaning It is context-dependent. It is the product of sentence meaning and context. Therefore, it is richer than the meaning of the sentence. Semantic meaning: the more constant, inherent side of meaning Pragmatic meaning: the more indeterminate, the more closely related to context 2. Speech Act Theory John Austin How to Do Things with Words (1962) speech acts: actions performed via utterances Constatives vs. performatives Constatives: utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report that something is the case, or describe what something is, eg: I go to the park every Sunday. I teach English. Performatives: utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all; the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action; they cannot be said to be true or false. Performative verbs: name, bet, etc. I do. I name this ship Queen Elizabeth. I bet you sixpence it will rain tomorrow. I give and bequeath my watch to my brother. I promise to finish it in time. I apologize. I declare the meeting open. I warn you that the bull will charge. Minister: addressing the groom) (Groom’s Name), do you take (Bride’s Name) for your lawful wedded wife, to live together after God’s ordinance, in the holy estate of matrimony? Will you love, honor, comfort, and cherish her from this day forward, forsaking all others, keeping only unto her for as long as you both shall live? XXX，你是否愿意娶xxx为妻，按照圣经的教训与他同住，在神面前和她结为一体，爱她、安慰她、尊重她、保护他，像你爱自己一样。不论她生病或是健康、富有或贫穷，始终忠於她，直到离开世界？??Groom: I do. Felicity conditions: A. (i) There must be a r