霍金与黑洞学说【英文】Hawking.ppt

* 高密度星體? 引用開普勒定律，顯示X-1質量超過7個太陽質量 中子星質量最高不超過4-5個太陽質量 X-1 不可能是中子星 時至今日，已有95%把握確定X-1是黑洞 * 天鵝座 X-1 第一個被發現的黑洞，約有9個太陽質量，所以定是黑洞。 * 世紀大賭博 索恩(Kip Thorne) 賭: 天鵝座x-1是黑洞 霍金(Stephen Hawking) 賭: 天鵝座X-1不是黑洞 * In 1980s, Thorne thought about wormholes, and Hawking thought about baby universes. If an object falls into a black hole, it could go to an independent baby universe. Science fiction? Can one travel to the past or another universe? Beware of spaghettification! Implication: there can be information loss in black holes. In 1992, Hawking concluded that the universe is “safe for historians”. Baby Universes in Black Holes * In 1997, Hawking and Thorne bet with Preskill on the black hole information paradox. Hawking and Thorne: The information crossing into the event horizon of a black hole is lost to our universe; the black hole emits the same radiation regardless of what falls into it. Preskill: The information will be eventually released. In 2004, Hawking conceded and admitted that black holes eventually transmit, in a garbled form, information about all matter they swallow. Preskill was awarded an encyclopedia of baseball, from which “information can be recovered at will”. Another Bet * Hawking’s contribution to the theory of black holes (structure, no hair theorem, radiation, information and entropy). Hawking’s work is confirmed by experiments (Cygnus X-1). Hawking’s openmindedness (bet concessions). Hawking’s attitude towards life (adversity, science, humour). Hawking’s eagerness to popularize science. Conclusion * * Outline: The scientist Information and black holes Hawking radiation Detection of black holes Bets on black holes 3 June 2006 Hawking and Black Holes The Scientist Born 1942 1st class honours from Oxford, after “not very much work” Symptoms of ALS during Oxford years PhD and Research Fellow in Cambridge Discovered Hawking radiation in 1974 “A Brief History of Time” published in 1987 Numerous honorary degrees and awards Outspoken for world peace, welfare of the