高二必修四unit4 Grammar.ppt

Grammar 一: V-ing 形式由 “do＋ing” 构成, 其否定形式是 “not doing”, V-ing可以带宾语或状语构成V-ing短语, 没有人称和数的变化, 但有时态和语态的变化。 V-ing 形式 　语态 时态 主动语态 被动语态 一般式 完成式 (not) doing (not) being done (not) having done (not) having been done V-ing 形式在句中作定语和状语是本单元的学习重点。 1. 作定语 V-ing 形式可以单独充当名词的前置修饰语, 这时有两种情况。 -ing形式表示 “供作......之用”的意思, 这类作定语的-ing形式过去叫动名词。 A swimming pool = a pool for swimming A sleeping car = a car for sleeping 2) -ing形式表示 “......的” 意思, 过去叫 现在分词 A sleeping child working people the rising sun -ing形式短语作定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后, 相当于一个定语从句。如: They are visitors coming from several countries. The boy standing there is a classmate of mine. 2. 作状语 可以表示时间, 原因, 结果, 条件, 行为方式或伴随动作等。 Using your head, you’ll find a good way. ( ) 条件 1) Four people entered the room looking around in a curious way. = Four people enter the room and looked around in a curious way. (伴随动作) 2) Being poor, he couldn’t afford a TV set. (原因) 3) Working hard, you’ll surely succeed. 条件 4) The boy sat in front of the farm- house, cutting the branch. 伴随 5) He came running back to tell me the news. 方式 6) (When) Hearing the news, he got frightened. = When he heard the news, he got frightened. (时间, 可以在分词前保留when) 7) The child slipped and fell, hitting his head against the door. 结果 8) 与逻辑主语构成独立主格： I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head. 我等汽车时，一只鸟落到我头上。 All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了，他们失望地离开了。 Time permitting, we’ll do another two exercises. 如果时间允许，我们将做另两个练习。 有时也可用with (without)+名词（代词宾格）+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 Attention Please -ing形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的。 Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city. 　(分词的逻辑主语是time, 而句子的主语是I, 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。) You see her step back appearing surprised. = You see her step back and she appears surprised. They also express their feelings using unspoken language. =T