政策主体与政策工具.pptVIP

第二讲 Lecture Two Policy Actors and Policy Instruments 政策主体与政策工具 要目 主体、制度和过程Actors, institutions and process 国际体系与国际主体International System and international Actors 国家主体和社会主体 State and Social Actors 什么是政策工具What is policy instrument? 政策工具分类Classifying policy instruments 主体、制度和过程Actors, Institutions and Process 主体和制度在政策过程中起关键作用Both actors and institutions play a crucial role in the policy process 一些理论强调单个和集体主体的作用(公共选择理论、多元主义）Some theories stress the role of individual and collective actors as the only relevant categories of analysis (Public choice theory, pluralism, and Marxism) 另一些理论强调主体的所作所为受制于他们所处的政治、经济和社会结构Others maintain that what actors seek and do depends on the political, economic, and social structures (institutions) that surround them 主体、制度和过程Actors, Institutions and Process 主体：指的是个人、团体和阶级；或者是指国家主体、社会主体和国际主体Actors: refer to individuals, groups and classes; or state actors, social actors and international actors. 制度：狭义上指的是国家、 社会和国际体系中的实际结构或组织Institutions: narrowly refer to actual structures or organizations of the state, society, and the institutional system. 主体、制度和过程Actors, Institutions and Process 参与政策过程的主体都有其自身利益，但是他们如何解释和追求其利益，以及他们得到的利益都受制度因素的影响。Actors participating in the policy process have their own interests, but how they interpret and pursue their interests and the outcomes of their efforts are shaped by institutional factors. 主体与制度相辅相成。Actors and institutions exist in a mutually defining relationship. 因此，在理解公共政策时要把主体与制度结合起来。So, it is important to integrate actors and institutions in understanding public policy 主体、制度和过程Actors, Institutions and Process 政策次系统：由各种主体和制度组成 （实际存在的或潜在的）Policy subsystem: Almost an infinite variety of actors and institutions may actually or potentially constitute a policy subsystem. 它是相关主体为追求自身利益而讨论政策问题，进行劝说和讨价还价的空间。It is a space where relevant actors discuss policy issues and persuade and bargain in pursuit of their interests. 主体、制度和过程Actors, Institutions and Process 一个政策次系统中的主体与其它主体相互作用。Actors in one policy s