相图的学习合金en概要1.pptVIP

Nature of Metals and Alloys Objectives Understand how metal/alloy structures relate to theirs properties Know basic classification of alloys Understand a simple phase diagram of a binary alloy Know metal/alloy strengthening methods Outline Structure of metals Crystallization Phase diagrams Alloy microstructure Alloy strengthening Atomic Structure “Cloud” of electrons The metal ions are held together by their mutual attraction to the electron cloud. ? “Metallic Bond” Excellent electrical and thermal conductivity Metals exist in one of the 14 crystal structures at room temperature. Examples Body-centered cubic (BCC): e.g. Cr Face-centered cubic (FCC): e.g. Ag, Au, Pd, Co, Cu, Ni Hexagonal closed-pack (HCP): e.g. Ti A space/crystal lattice = combination of unit cells Physical Properties of Metals All properties of metals result from the metallic crystal structure and metallic bonds. High density ? the efficient packing of atomic centers in the crystal lattice Good electrical and thermal conductivity ?the mobility of the valence electrons in the crystal lattice Opacity and reflective ? the ability of the valence electrons to absorb and re-emit light Melting point ? metallic bond energies are overcome by the applied heat Physical properties change along different crystal directions but they are not usually observed in pieces of metal or other solids large enough for practical use. Most solids are polycrystalline (being made up of a large numbers of single crystals, called “grains”). Each grain is oriented more or less at random with respect to its neighbors, therefore, the variation in properties with crystal direction averages out. Formation of Grains from a molten state: The growth starts from the nuclei of crystallization, and the crystals grow toward each other (A-E). When two or more crystals collide, their growth is stopped. Finally, the entire space is filled with crystals (F). Each growth crystal is called a “grain”. Grains contact each other at “grain boundari