Cracks and Fundamentals of Fracture英文资料.pdf

Chapter 2 Cracks and Fundamentals of Fracture *Reference books: (1) B. Lawn and Shaw, “Fracture of Brittle Solids”, (1975, 1993) (2) A. E. Maugin, “The Thermomechanics of Plasticity and Fracture”, (1992) 2.1 The Griffith concept of a crack a historic review (1) Most materials fracture when the stress reaches certain critical level → first theory on fracture → The stress limit or elastic limit was considered as an inherent material property. (2) The above theory was soon questioned by the measured fluctuation in fracture strength as high as an order of magnitude. At that time, the nature of the fracture mechanism was not clear → no fundamental understanding on the fracture phenomena. (3) The breakthrough came in 1920 in a paper by Griffith. A. A. Griffith proposed the energy-balance concept of fracture in his classic 1920 paper based on the principle of energy conservation laws of mechanics and thermodynamics. His work laid the historical and scientific foundation for the now Fracture Mechanics. In his paper, he used the results of Inglis (1913) on the stress concentration around an elliptical hole by using theory of elasticity. 2.1.1 Stress Concentrators of an elliptical hole by Inglis (1913) The material is linear elastic and obeys the Hooke’s law everywhere. The boundary of the elliptical hole is described by x 2 c2 +y 2 b2 1 (1.1) The radius of curvature at point C is ρ b2 c (1.2) Where the greatest stress concentration occurs ( ) ( ) 1 2 σ c,0 σ