成对样本观值之资料结构.PPT

獨立樣本、成對樣本 若從一個母體抽出的樣本，不影響從另一個母體抽出的樣本，則這兩個樣本為獨立樣本。否則為成對樣本或相依樣本。 若兩母體獨立，則自此兩個母體抽出的樣本也獨立。 如：農家年平均所得vs非農家年平均所得差異 如：統一超商不同分店的銷售額差異 如：修統計學的大一、大二班的平均成績差異 成對樣本 成對樣本︰若兩母體不獨立，自此兩個母體抽取成對的(paired or matched)樣本，此兩個樣本的性質相依。 如：受訓前、後的生產力差異 如：補習前、後的成績差異 兩個母體平均數差的統計推論–––獨立樣本 1/2 來自兩個母體之兩組獨立的隨機樣本，其資料結構與特性說明如下 設X1,X2,……,Xn1，是樣本大小為n1，且取自平均數μ1，標準差σ1的母體1之隨機樣本。 設Y1,Y2,……,Yn2，是樣本大小為n2，且取自平均數μ2，標準差σ2的母體2之隨機樣本。 此兩組樣本為獨立的；換言之，在某種處理下所得出的反應觀察值與在另一種處理下所得出的反應觀察值，彼此不相關。 兩個母體平均數差的統計推論–––獨立樣本 2/2 　　　的抽樣分配 　　 以上所有的符號皆同於本節前面所介紹者。 Ｚ檢定統計量 1/2 (若σ1, σ2未知，則以s1,s2取代) 雙尾檢定：H0: μ1–μ2 = 0 　　　　　 H1: μ1–μ2 ≠ 0 決策法則：若z ≥ zα/2或z ≤ –zα/2，則拒絕H0 　　　　　 否則接受H0。 Ｚ檢定統計量 2/2 左尾檢定：H0: μ1–μ2 ≥ 0 　　　　 H1: μ1–μ2 0 決策法則：若z ≤ –zα，則拒絕H0；否則接受H0。 右尾檢定：H0: μ1–μ2 ≤ 0 　　　　　 H1: μ1–μ2 0 決策法則：若z ≥ zα，則拒絕 H0；否則接受 H0。 ex. 4 (p.355) As part of a study of corporate employees, the director of human resources for PNC Inc. wants to compare the distance traveled to work by employees at its office in downtown Cincinnati with the distance for those in downtown Pittsburgh. A sample of 35 Cincinnati employees showed they travel a mean of 370 miles per month. A sample of 40 Pittsburgh employees showed they travel a mean of 380 miles per month. The population standard deviations for the Cincinnati and Pittsburgh employees are 30 and 26 miles, respectively. At the .05 significance level, is there a difference in the mean number of miles traveled per month between Cincinnati and Pittsburgh employees? ex. 4 (p.355) Step 1: H0: μC = μP H1: μC ≠ μP Step 2: The 0.05 significance level was chosen Step 3: Use a z-statistic as both population standard deviations are known. Step 4: Reject Ho if z –1.96 or z 1.96 Step 5: -1.532, found by Fail to reject Ho. Step 6: There is no difference in the mean number of miles traveled per month for PNC Inc. employees at Cincinnati and Pittsburg. ex. 6 (p.355) Mary Jo Fitzpatrick is the vice president for Nursing Services at St. Lukes Memorial Hospital. Recently she n