第五章 热力学基础（Chapter v basic of thermodynamics）.docVIP

第五章 热力学基础（Chapter v basic of thermodynamics） Chapter v basic of thermodynamics § 5-1 the first law of thermodynamics and its application A single, Internal energy: all molecules in an object have no regular kinetic kinetic energy + potential energy (molecular vibrational potential energy, interaction potential energy). Internal energy Real gases: (two of them are independent) Ideal gas: Note: the paper is a single-valued function of the state, determined by () (only two independent variables), as a state function, and its increment is only related to the first two states, but not the process. The ideal gas is a single value increment function for temperature. The equivalence of work and heat Joule used experiments to prove that the heat transfer and the amount of work done were proportional to the increase in the temperature of the system 1 calorie = 4.18 joules of work It can be seen that work and heat are equivalent. Its known by mechanics. The work done to the system is to transmit energy to the system, and since the work is equivalent to the heat transfer, the heat transfer to the system also means the transmission of energy to the system. Conclusion: there are two ways of transferring energy The heat transfer Explanation: although there is an equivalent side of work and heat transfer, there is a difference in nature. The difference is work: the macroscopic displacement is accomplished by the object. The function is the transition between mechanical movement and the random movement of molecules in the system. So that changes the internal energy. Heat transfer: through intermolecular interaction. The function is the transition between the non-regular thermal motion of the outside molecules and the random thermal motion between the molecules in the system. That changes the internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics In general, when the state of the system changes, work and heat transfer are often at the same time. There is a system, which is the heat transfe