18-杂化轨道理论（18 - hybrid orbital theory）.doc

18-杂化轨道理论（18 - hybrid orbital theory） Hybridized orbital theory Valence bond theory concisely expounds the forming process and the essence of covalent bond, successfully explain the directionality of the covalent bond and saturated, but in the spatial structure of explain some molecular ran into trouble. The formation of molecules such as CH4, according to the valence bond theory, C atoms only two unpaired electrons, only with two H atoms to form covalent bonds, and bond Angle should be about 90 °. But that does not accord with the experimental facts, because C and H can form CH4 molecules, the space configuration for the regular tetrahedron, HCH = 109.5 °. In order to better explain the actual space configuration and properties of multi-atomic molecules, Pauling proposed the hybrid orbital theory in 1931, which enriched and developed the modern valence bond theory. In 1953, our country chemist tang aoqing and other unified treatment of s-p-d-f orbital hybridization, proposed the general method of hybrid orbital, further enriched the content of hybridization theory. 1. Basic points of hybrid orbital theory Hybrid orbital theory from the electronic has, from the viewpoint of the volatility, the superposition of waves can think a and other atoms to form molecules, used in the central atom atomic orbitals (i.e., the wave function) is not the original pure s or p orbital, but a number of different types, similar energy atomic orbital by superposition, redistribution of orbital energy and space stretching direction, formed an equal amount of energy is exactly the same new atomic orbitals -- hybrid orbitals (hybrid spacex), in order to meet the needs of the chemical combination. This process is called the hybridization of atomic orbitals. The formation of CH4 molecules is illustrated below. The outer electron configuration of the ground state C atom is 2s22px12py1. When combined with H atoms, one of the electrons in the 2s is stimulated to the 2pz orbital, and the C atom