常微分方程1.3 坡地和解曲线Slope fields and solution curve.ppt

Section 1.3: Slope Fields and Solution Curves  Concepts of solution curve （or integral curve）； 一阶微分方程的解曲线(积分曲线)； slope field (or direction field); 斜率场(方向场)； Graphical method for constructing approximate solutions of the first-order equation; 求其近似解的图像方法； Applications of Slope fields; 斜率场的应用； Existence and Uniqueness of Solutions. 一阶微分方程解的存在唯一性定理。 Section 1.3: Slope Fields and Solution Curves  Concepts of solution curve （or integral curve）: 一阶微分方程的解曲线(积分曲线): A solution curve of the differential equation y = f (x , y)--the graph of a solution of the equation--is simply a curve in the xy-plane whose tangent line at each point (x , y) has slope m = f (x , y ) . FIGURE 1.3.1. A solution curve for the differential equation y = x - y together with tangent lines having slope x-y at the point (x,y). Objective: The graphical and numerical methods of this and later sections can be used to construct approximate solutions of the differential equations y = f (x , y); A graphical method : Through each of a representative collection of points in the plane we draw a short line segment having the proper slope m = f (x , y) . All these line segments constitute a slope field (or a direction field) for the equation y = f (x , y ) . Section 1.3: Slope Fields and Graphical Solutions  Section 1.3: Example 1 FIGURE 1.3.2(a) Slope field and solution curves for y = 2y . Construct a slope field for the differential equation y = x - y and use it to sketch an approximate solution curve that passes through the point (-4, 4) . Section 1.3: Example 2 FIGURE 1.3.5. The solution curve through (-4, 4). Suppose you throw a baseball straight downward from a helicopter hovering at an altitude of 3000 feet. You wonder whether someone standing on the ground below could conceivably catch it. In order to estimate the speed with which the ball will land, we construct a slope field for the differential equation Application of Slope fields: Example 3 FIGURE 1.3.7. Slope fi