工程材料答案-ch02.docVIP

CHAPTER 2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND INTERATOMIC BONDING PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Fundamental Concepts Electrons in Atoms 2.1 Cite the difference between atomic mass and atomic weight. Solution Atomic mass is the mass of an individual atom, whereas atomic weight is the average (weighted) of the atomic masses of an atoms naturally occurring isotopes.  2.2 Chromium has four naturally-occurring isotopes: 4.34% of 50Cr, with an atomic weight of 49.9460 amu, 83.79% of 52Cr, with an atomic weight of 51.9405 amu, 9.50% of 53Cr, with an atomic weight of 52.9407 amu, and 2.37% of 54Cr, with an atomic weight of 53.9389 amu. On the basis of these data, confirm that the average atomic weight of Cr is 51.9963 amu. Solution The average atomic weight of silicon is computed by adding fraction-of-occurrence/atomic weight products for the three isotopes. Thus  2.3 (a) How many grams are there in one amu of a material? (b) Mole, in the context of this book, is taken in units of gram-mole. On this basis, how many atoms are there in a pound-mole of a substance? Solution (a) In order to determine the number of grams in one amu of material, appropriate manipulation of the amu/atom, g/mol, and atom/mol relationships is all that is necessary, as = 1.66 ( 10-24 g/amu (b) Since there are 453.6 g/lbm, = 2.73 ( 1026 atoms/lb-mol  2.4 (a) Cite two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom. (b) Cite two important additional refinements that resulted from the wave-mechanical atomic model. Solution (a) Two important quantum-mechanical concepts associated with the Bohr model of the atom are (1) that electrons are particles moving in discrete orbitals, and (2) electron energy is quantized into shells. (b) Two important refinements resulting from the wave-mechanical atomic model are (1) that electron position is described in terms of a probability distribution, and (2) electron energy is quantized into both shells and subshells--each electron