20. Critical Success Factors in Effective Project ...（20。）.pdfVIP

20. Critical Success Factors in Effective Project implementation*+ Jeffrey K. Pinto* Dennis P. Slevin** INTRODUCTION The process of project implementation, involving the successful develop- ment and introduction of projects in the organization, presents an ongoing challenge for managers. The project implementation process is complex, usually requiring simultaneous attention to a wide variety of human, budgetary, and technical variables. As a result, the organizational project manager is faced with a difficultjob characterized by role overload, fre- netic activity, fragmentation, and superficiality. Often the typical project * Portions of this chapter were adapted from Dennis P. Slevin and Jeffrey K. Pinto, Balancing Strategy and Tactics in Project Implementation, Sloan Management Review, Fall, 1987, pp. 33-41, and Randall L. Schultz, Dennis P. Slevin, and Jeffrey K. Pinto, Strategy and Tactics in a Process Model of Project Implementation, Interfaces, 16:3, May-June, 1987, pp. 34-46. T Copyright O 1987by Jeffrey K. Pinto and Dennis P. Slevin. ** Dennis P. Slevin is an Associate Professor of Business Administration at the University of Pittsburghs Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business. He holds a B.A. in Mathemat- ics from St. Vincent College, a B.S. in Physics from M.I.T., an M.S. in Industrial Adminis- tration from Carnegie-Mellon, and a Ph.D. from Stanford University. He has had extensive experience as a line manager, including service as the CEO of four different companies, which qualified him as a member of the Young Presidents Organization. He presently serves as a director of several corporations, and consults widely. He publishes in numerous professional journals, and is co-editor