Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon.” The American Economic Review 90(4：（文化重要的经济行为的最后通牒游戏讨价还价的Machiguenga秘鲁亚马逊。）.pdfVIP

Does Culture Matter in Economic Behavior? Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon By JOSEPH HENRICH* During the last 20 years experimental econ- I. The Ultimatum Bargaining Game omists have demonstrated that human economic reasoning substantially deviates from the pre- The Ultimatum Game (hereafter abbreviated dictions of positive game theory under a number UG) is a simple bargaining game that has been of important conditions—including risk, bar- extensively studied by experimental econo- gaining, cooperation, and so forth [see Douglas mists. In this game, two players are allotted a D. Davis and Charles A. Holt (1993) or John H. sum of money (termed the “stakes”). The first Kagel and Alvin E. Roth (1995) for overviews]. player, called the “proposer,” offers a portion of In response to this, some economists have be- the total sum to a second person, called the gun to modify economic theory to incorporate “responder.” The responder can either accept or what we have learned from this laboratory re- reject the proposer’s offer. If the responder ac- search (Gary E. Bolton, 1991; Ernst Fehr and cepts, she (or he) receives the amount offered Klaus M. Schmidt, 1997). Like most efforts to and the proposer receives the remainder (the model human behavior in economics, these new initial sum minus the offer). If the responder approaches, implicitly or explicitly, make cer- rejects the offer, then neither player receives tain universalist or panhuman assumptions anything. Players typically receive payments in about the nature of human economic reasoning. real money and usually remain anonymous to That is, they assume tha