august 2016 lrfd bridge design 3-1（2016年8月lrfd桥设计3 - 1）.pdf

AUGUST 2016 LRFD BRIDGE DESIGN 3-1 3. LOADS AND The loads section of the AASHTO LRFD Specifications is greatly expanded LOAD FACTORS over that found in the Standard Specifications. This section will present applicable loads and provide guidance to MnDOT’s practice for the application of these loads. 3.1 Load Factors The standard load combinations for LRFD design are presented in LRFD and Combinations Table 3.4.1-1. [3.4.1] Several of the loads have variable load factors (e.g.,  ,  ,  ). The P TG SE load factors for permanent loads ( ) typically have two values, a P maximum value and a minimum value. When analyzing a structure it will often be necessary to use both values. The objective is to envelope the maximum load effects on various elements for design. A box culvert structure illustrates the use of both values. When determining the moment in the top slab of a culvert, the maximum load factor is used on the vertical earth loads, while the minimum load factor is used on the lateral or horizontal earth loads. The situation reverses when determining the moments in