on the limits of steganography（对隐写术的极限）.pdfVIP

On The Limits of Steganography Ross J. Anderson, Fabien A.P. Petitcolas Abstract— In this paper, we clarify what steganography is is dead” to “father is deceased,” which elicited the reply and what it can do. We contrast it with the related disci- “is father dead or deceased?” [24]. plines of cryptography and traffic security, present a unified terminology agreed at the first international workshop on The study of this subject in the scientific literature may the subject, and outline a number of approaches—many of be traced to Simmons, who in 1983 formulated it as the them developed to hide encrypted copyright marks or se- “Prisoners’ Problem” [44]. In this scenario, Alice and Bob rial numbers in digital audio or video. We then present a number of attacks, some new, on such information hiding are in jail, and wish to hatch an escape plan; all their com- schemes. This leads to a discussion of the formidable obsta- munications pass through the warden, Willie; and if Willie cles that lie in the way of a general theory of information detects any encrypted messages, he will frustrate their plan hiding systems (in the sense that Shannon gave us a general by throwing them into solitary confinement. So they must theory of secrecy systems). However, theoretical consider- ations lead to ideas of practical value, such as the use of find some way of hiding their ciphertext in an innocuous parity checks to amplify covertness and provide public key looking covertext. As in the related field of cryptography, steganography. Finally, we show that public key information we assume that the mechanism in use is known to the war- hiding systems exist, and are not necessarily constrained to the case where the warden i