二等水准（Two leveling）.docVIP

二等水准（Two leveling） 4, two leveling steps (8 readings): set to even numbers Alignment: Even number of stations: before and after Back measurement: Odd station: before and after Even number of stations: front, back, back and forth Precise leveling generally refers to the national one or two standard measurements, in the engineering construction stage of different elevation control survey, a little leveling, so in the measurement of engineering standards, the standard of measurement is divided into two or three, four three grades, the corresponding grade of precision index and national measurement standards consistent. 1 general provisions for precise leveling operations According to the nature of all kinds of errors and their influence laws, various standards have been put forward for the implementation of precise leveling: (1) 30 minutes before the observation, the instrument should be placed in the shadow of the open air, so that the instrument will be consistent with the outside temperature; the observation umbrella should be used to cover the sunlight; and the cover should be covered with an instrument cover when moving. (2) from the instrument before and after leveling the distance should be equal, the difference should be less than the specified limit value: two leveling in a test station, after the provisions from the difference should be less than 1.0m, before and after the horizon cumulative difference should be less than 3m. In this way, we can eliminate or weaken the influence of various errors related to distance, such as I angle error and vertical refraction. (3) for bubble level, the zero point of the tilted spiral shall be measured and marked, and the position of the flat zero shall be adjusted at any time as the temperature changes. The flat level of an automatic Anping level shall be strictly flat. (4) the same stations observations, not two focus; rotation instrument tilt and spiral micrometer, the direction of rotation shall be screwed, to avoid til