基因相关概念（Gene related concepts）.docVIP

基因相关概念（Gene related concepts） Genes, also known as genetic factors, are factors that determine genetic traits. Genes are passed on from one parent to another by self - proliferation and by cell generation, individual generation, generation after generation, so that the genetic information necessary for the presentation of the trait is passed down from generation to generation. Although each gene is independent of each other, it is not physically independent, but occupies a fixed position on chromosomes and forms a linkage group in a linear arrangement. Genes are stable, but can change because of mutations. Once mutated, the mutated gene can be passed down in later generations. The essence of genes is DNA. A gene is a chemical entity that is a nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules with genetic effects. Genes are the basis for the transmission and expression of genetic information and the differentiation and development of characters. All environmental factors affect heredity through genes. Genes are separable and mobile genetic factors. They are not stationary structures on chromosomes, but the genes themselves differ in structure and function. Genes and chromosomes, chromosomes are vectors of genes, and various genes are arranged on each chromosome in a straight line. The position of a gene on a chromosome is called a locus (locus). A variety of genes on the same chromosome are linked together (linkage) to form a linkage group (linkagegroup). Human beings have 24 kinds of chromosomes (22 chromosomes plus X and Y chromosomes), so there are 24 linkage groups. In general, all genes on the same chromosome are passed together with this chromosome to the offspring. However, between the alleles of the same linkage group, crossing-over can sometimes be exchanged during meiosis, resulting in a new linkage (recombination). The farther the distance between two genes, the greater the exchange rate, the higher the recombination rate. This means that most of the linked genes on th