自噬和线粒体自噬.pptxVIP

AUTOPHAGY-RELATED11 Plays a Critical Role in General Autophagy- and Senescence-Induced Mitophagy in Arabidopsis;Autophagy-mediated turnover removes damaged organelles and unwanted cytoplasmic constituents and thus plays critical roles in cellular housekeeping and nutrient recycling. This “self eating” is tightly regulated by the AUTOPHAGY-RELATED1/13 (ATG1/13) kinase complex, which connects metabolic and environmental cues to the vacuolar delivery of autophagic vesicles. Here, we describe the Arabidopsis thaliana accessory proteins ATG11 and ATG101, which help link the ATG1/13 complex to autophagic membranes. ATG11 promotes vesicle delivery to the vacuole but is not essential for synthesizing the ATG12-ATG5 and ATG8-phosphatidylethanolamine adducts that are central to autophagic vesicle assembly. ATG11, ATG101, ATG1, and ATG13 colocalize with each other and with ATG8, with ATG1 tethered to ATG8 via a canonical ATG8-interacting motif. Also, the presence of ATG11 encourages starvation-induced phosphorylation of ATG1 and turnover of ATG1 and ATG13. Like other atg mutants, ATG11-de?cient plants senesce prematurely and are hypersensitive to nitrogen and ?xed-carbon limitations. Additionally, we discovered that the senescence-induced breakdown of mitochondria-resident proteins and mitochondrial vesicles occurs via an autophagic process requiring ATG11 and other ATG components. Together, our data indicate that ATG11 (and possibly ATG101) provides important scaffolds connecting the ATG1/13 complex to both general autophagy and selective mitophagy.;摘要;细胞自噬既可以是非选择性的，如通常所说的大自噬和小自噬． 也可以是选择性的，包括线粒体自噬( mitophagy) 、过氧化物酶体自噬 ( pexophagy) 、内质网以及核糖体自噬等途径． 非选择性自噬在细胞饥饿时发挥重要的作用，能为细胞提供氨基酸等以满足营养需要． 选择性自噬则主要用于保护细胞的结构，在正常的情况下扮演“大 扫 除”( house-cleaning) 的角色．;介绍;泛素样蛋白结合系统;Atg12-Atg5-Atg16多聚体的形成;Atg8-PE的形成;细胞自噬过程具体可分为如下几个步骤: 1 欧米茄 体 ( omegasome ) / PAS ( 自 噬 前 体， pre-autophagosomal structure / pagophore assembly site) 的形成 2 自噬体的形成、 3 自噬体同溶酶体的融合、 4 细胞自噬物质的降解、 5 降解产物从吞噬溶酶体到胞浆的释放;结论; Figure 1. P