Advanced Metal Processing课件02-hardening.pdfVIP

Chapt. 2: work hardening 2. Work hardening during deformation 2.1 Introduction Work hardening is one of the characteristic properties of most metallic alloys; it is also probably the most useful since it is the fundamental cause of their tenacity, or their capacity, in the presence of internal flaws or geometrical defects, to resist loading. According to the Considère criterion, the maximum amount of uniform plastic deformation in tensile straining is given by the work hardening coefficient. A high coefficient therefore facilitates complex forming operations without premature failure. Work hardening of course strongly influences the mechanical energy expended to shape a material by plastic deformation, for example during rolling etc. Work hardening also controls the amount of energy stored in the material as a consequence of plastic deformation. It therefore strongly governs the behavour of the metal during subsequent softening by annealing (Chapter 3). Finally many high volume components such as beverage cans are directly used in the work hardened state so the hardening capacity and the stability of the work hardened state are important practical issues. Modern theories of work hardening started with Taylor [1934] and the concept of crystal dislocations and have continued ever since. There is no universally accepted theory of work hardening but much empirical knowledge and many models which share a certain number of common features; these are the points that are developed here. This chapter starts with a description of work hardening at relatively low temperatures where thermally activated processes do not play a maj or role, typically for homologous temperatures below 0.4Tm. It then continues with an analysis of plastic flow