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138 CHAPTER 8 THE TENSILE TEST Load Cell Extensometer Specimen Moving Crosshead Fig. 8.1 TENSILE TESTER Most students have already studied the tensile test. This text is only intended as a short reminder. Fig. 8.1 shows a tensile tester of good mechanical quality (which means that it is a machine with a high stiffness). The machine can be used to apply an elongation to the sample while keeping the rate of displacement of the crosshead fixed. Meanwhile, the force which is needed for that is continuously measured by a load cell and recorded, whereas the elongation of a gauge is continuously measured and recorded by an extensometer. Fig. 8.2 shows a typical force-elongation diagram (tensile curve) obtained in this way. A list of definitions is given now: • Engineering stress σe : is defined as F/A , in which F is the force applied to the sample and 0 A0 is the cross section of the gauge of the sample prior to the test (it is a constant). • Engineering strain e: is defined as (L-L )/L in which L is the current gauge length at some 0 0 time during the test, and L0 is the original gauge length prior to the test. So e is the relative elongation of the gauge. The gauge is the part of the tensile test sample of which the length and the cross-section are carefully monitored prior and during the test. • Proportionality Limit σ