(艾滋病在美国).pptVIP

Lecture Five Problem Definition and Agenda-Setting Outline Problem definition Agenda and agenda-setting Agenda-setting patterns Policy Windows and Policy streams Mini cases AIDS in USA （艾滋病在美国） By 1982, AIDS virus was well known in the US medical community, when 300 Americans had already died of the disease. However, it was viewed as a “gay disease” that did not threaten the values and interests of society.（同性恋疾病） By 1983, 664 Americans had died and over 2000 were dead by 1984. Still there was no federal funding forthcoming to combat the disease. Mini cases The death of actor Rock Hudson in June 1985 was a triggering event that brought the AIDS epidemic to the attention of the American people. （明星之死） However, the problem was viewed primarily as one affecting gays and intravenous drug users. By the mid-1980s, AIDS groups had successfully organized into a political force and were putting pressure on the federal government for funding and action. (艾滋病团体成为政治力量） Mini cases Finally, in 1987, President Reagan gave a speech in which he formally recognized AIDS as a major problem needing federal policy action. （联邦政府采取政策行动） The disease had officially become a problem that required policy action. Mini Cases Migrant workers Issue (农民工问题) in China Existed in the 1980s Worsened in the 1990s Recognized in early 2000s 问题界定problem definition 议程设置的起点是问题界定 一个状态（situation)如何成为问题(problem)？ 一个问题是如何被解释为公共问题(public problem)的？How a problem comes to be interpreted as a public problem? 公共问题通常需要公共政策的回应。 问题界定problem definition 状态 vs问题Condition vs. problem 我们每一天都面对不同的状态，有的有利，有的不利We face different conditions everyday – some favorable and some adverse. 并非所有不利的状态都被他人视为问题。“如果你的一只手只有四个指头，那不是一个问题，而是一种状况。Not all adverse conditions are recognized by others as problems. “If you have only four fingers on one hand, that’s not a problem; that’s a situation.” 只有当我们相信我们能对它们有所作为时，状态才成为问题Conditions become defined as problems when we come to believe that we should do something about them. 问题界定problem