国际法条约与其他法律渊源对於使用武力设立了很多限制.pptVIP

Treaties and other sources of IL impose so many restrictions on use of force that it is generally illegal 國際法條約和其他法律淵源對於使用武力設立了很多限制, 在一般情況下使用武力是不合法的 Most armed conflicts are now civil and not international wars 大部分武裝衝突是國內而不是國際戰爭;St. Augustine (4th C.) set out doctrine of just wars聖奧斯丁﹝四世紀﹞主張正義戰爭論1. Just war waged against party that has caused injury and refuses to make amends正義戰爭反擊造成了傷害和拒絕改正的一方2. Just war is to only be punitive; when wrong is righted, war must end正義戰爭只是懲罰性的，當錯誤得到糾正，戰爭必須停止St. Thomas Acquinas (13th C.) held that is wrongdoer, not wrongdoing that is to punished托马斯·阿奎那﹝十三世紀﹞認為受到懲罰的應該是錯者而不是錯行本身;War could go on after wrong is righted, until wrongdoer repents戰爭可在錯誤糾正之後繼續，直至錯者悔改Just war is waged by sovereign, punishes the wrongdoer and is motivated by good intentions正義戰爭由主權出於善意而發動，用於懲罰錯者 In Renaissance, thinkers urged that negotiations precede resort to force在文藝復興時期，思想家要求訴諸武力之前要進行談判Vitoria argued that not every wrong is sufficient cause for war維多利亞認為並不是每個錯誤都是發動戰爭的充分原因 ;Suarez held that wronged state must first demand reparatationsSuarez說受犯國必須首先要求賠償Innocent parties should be immune from attack無辜者應該免受攻擊Only proportionate force should be used只可酌量使用武力;Grotius said just wars involve格老秀斯說正義戰爭包括1. self-defense自衛2. protection of property財產保護3.punishment for those who have harmed other state‘s citizens懲罰那些傷害其他國家公民的人Neutrality to be determined not by states morality, but by whether there was actual state of war中立不是決定於國家的德性，而是是否真正存在戰爭狀態;Later, states adopted some other means to show displeasure, e.g.後來，國家採納了一些其他方法來表示不快 例如1. suspension of diplomatic relations外交關係的中止2. withdrawal from treaty撤銷條約3. cancellation of membership in international organization取消國際組織的成員身份4. economic boycott經濟制裁;After World War I, disputes were supposed to be submitted to arbitration, judicial settlement or inquiry by League第一次世界大戰後，認為爭議應當通過仲裁、 司法或國際聯盟調查等途徑來處理States were supposed to refrain from war for three months after arbitration, settle