清华本科课件《神经病学》vision and audition 989502785.pptVIP

Auditory cues for a few animals The anatomy of a human ear 锤骨 占骨 镫骨 Air to fluid, sound force amplification 鼓膜 Effects of the Ossicles: Sound force amplification: The difference in surface area of the two membranes and the level principle of ossicles combine to make the pressure at the oval window about 20 times greater than at the tympanic membrane. 听小骨 Effects of the tensor tympani muscle: Attenuation reflex 1.Mechanical automatic gain control (10.000.000 dynamic range) 2. Protects the inner ear from loud sound (50-100 msec delay) The acoustic reflex (or?stapedius reflex,?attenuation reflex, or?auditory reflex) is an involuntary?muscle?contraction that occurs in the middle ear?of?mammals?in response to high-intensity sound?stimuli. 2.5 circles, 32mm long, 2 mm in diameter, With 9 mm base and 5 mm height, 16K hair cells Structure of Cochlea 鼓阶 蜗管 前庭阶 (中阶) Motion of basal membrane movement The membrane is wider at the apex than at the base (5:1) The membrane at base is 100 times stiffer than the apex. Traveling-wave theory: Endolymph makes the basilar membrane bend near its base, starting a wave that propagates toward the apex. The distance the wave travels up depends on the frequency of the sound. The organ of Corti consists of hair cells and supporting cells. The hair cells convert the mechanical energy into a change in membrane polarization. Hair cells form synapses on neurons in the spiral ganglion within the modiolus, its axons form the auditory nerve. When the basilar membrane moves by sound, the tectorial membrane bends the stereocilia one way or the other. The hair cells depolarizes or hyperpolarizes, depending on the direction of bending (see next). Displacement of cilia in one direction increases tension of filament, increasing the inward K+ current. The entry of K+ causes a depolarization, activating voltage-gated calcium channels. The entry of Ca+ triggers the release of neurotransmitter, wh