Neutron Detection and Counting Introduction（中子探测和计算的介绍）.pdfVIP

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Neutron Detection and Counting Introduction（中子探测和计算的介绍）.pdf

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Neutron Detection and Counting Introduction（中子探测和计算的介绍）

Neutron Detection and Counting SOURCES OF NEUTRONS There are several methods by which neutrons may be produced in the fuel cycle principle amongst these are: 1. Alpha Particle Induced Reactions Plutonium and uranium isotopes decay by alpha particle emission. The alpha particle is absorbed by the nuclei of the low atomic number elements (Li, B, Be, O, F, C, Si, etc.) and a neutron is produced. The yield depends upon the chemical composition of the matrix and the alpha production rate for plutonium and uranium. Neutrons from (α,n) reactions are produced randomly (not time-correlated) and they exhibit a broad energy spectrum. Other α-emitting nuclides can also make important contributions, for example 241Am. Figure 1.48 Neutron Counter Electronics 2. Spontaneous Fission The even-numbered isotopes of plutonium (238Pu, 240Pu, Gas filled proportional counters offer low noise amplification of and 242Pu) spontaneously fission (SF) at a rate of 1100, 471, the ionization event producing a charge pulse processed by the and 800 SF/gram-second respectively. Like (α,n) neutrons, attached nucleonics chain. They offer high detection efficiency with SF neutrons have a broad energy spectrum. SF neutrons excellent gamma discrimination. They also provide a cost effective are time-correlated (several neutrons are produced at the and stable means of constructing detectors for a wide range of same time), with the average number of neutrons per fission applications. being between 2.16 and 2.26. Uranium isotopes and odd- Gas proportional detectors