PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS （材料的性质,）.pdfVIP

1 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1.1 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Different materials possess different properties in varying degree and therefore behave in different ways under given conditions. These properties includes Mechanical properties, Electrical properties, Thermal properties, Chemical properties, Magnetic properties and Physical properties. A design engineer is interested in the behaviour of materials under load which is mechanical in nature, for the design of machines structures. Any material subjected to a load either deforms, yield, or break, depending upon the magnitude of the load. We are basically interested in knowing as to how a particular material will behave under applied load i.e. in knowing the mechanical properties. 1.2 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS The internal resistance of the material to counteract the applied load is called stress, and the deformation as strain. There are three types of stresses: Tensile stress: force acts to pull materials apart; Compressive stress: the force squeezes material; Shear stress: the force causes one part to slide on another part. Fig. 1.1: Stress-Strain Diagram for Steel 2 MANUFACTURING PROCESS Fig. 1.2: Brittle Materials There are three types of corresponding strains. The metals are tested on a Universal Testing Machine. The stress-strain diagram is a diagram with values of stress (load) as ordinate and strain (elongation, compression, deflection, twist etc.) as abscissa. Mechanical properties depend upon the crystal structure, its bonding forces, and the imperfections which exist within the crystal. The stress-strain diagram for steel is shown in Fig