Radiation Effects of a Nuclear Bomb（原子弹的辐射效应）.pdfVIP

Radiation Effects of a Nuclear Bomb Beside shock, blast, and heat a nuclear bomb generates high intensity flux of radiation in form of γ-rays, x-rays, and neutrons as well as large abundances of short and long-lived radioactive nuclei which contaminate the entire area of the explosion and is distributed by atmospheric winds worldwide. T1/2=5730y Effective half- life ~5-10 y (photosynthesis) 14C distribution + nuclear test related 14C production Nuclear Bomb related Radiation Production The units rad (rem) are a measure of radiation exposure! Monitoring radiation intensity dN 10 decays  1[ ] 3.7 10 Classical Unit: 1 Curie [Ci] Ci dt ⋅  s  dN decay  Modern Unit: 1 Becquerel [Bq] [ ] 1 Bq dt 1 s  The so-called dosimetry units (rad, rem) determine the amount of damage radioactive radiation can do to the human body. They depend on the kind and nature of the incident radiation (X-rays, γ-rays, α-particles, β-particle, or neutrons). It also depends on the energy loss of the particular radiation and the associated ionisation effects in the human body material. Radiation Detection Radiation Exposure Dosimetry E Amount of energy E deposited Dose: D by radiation into body part m of mass m. unit Rad or Gray Radiation independent dose Equivalent Dose: =⋅ H Q D