英文课件-脂和生物膜.pptVIP

Lipids and Membranes Lipids Lipids: a heterogeneous class of naturally occurring organic compounds classified together on the basis of common solubility properties insoluble in water, but soluble in aprotic organic solvents including diethyl ether, chloroform, methylene chloride, and acetone Lipids include fatty acids, triacylglycerols, sphingolipids, phosphoacylglycerols, glycolipids, lipid-soluble vitamins prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile acids Fatty Acids Fatty acid: an unbranched-chain carboxylic acid, most commonly of 12 - 20 carbons, derived from hydrolysis of animal fats, vegetable oils, or phosphodiacylglycerols of biological membranes In the shorthand notation for fatty acids the number of carbons and the number of double bonds in the chain are shown by two numbers, separated by a colon Fatty Acids Fatty Acids Among the fatty acids most abundant in plants and animals nearly all have an even number of carbon atoms, most between 12 and 20, in an unbranched chain the three most abundant are palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), and oleic (18:1) acids in most unsaturated fatty acids, the cis isomer predominates; the trans isomer is rare unsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points than their saturated counterparts; the greater the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point Triacylglycerols Triacylglycerol (triglyceride): an ester of glycerol with three fatty acids natural soaps are prepared by boiling triglycerides (animal fats or vegetable oils) with NaOH, in a reaction called saponification (Latin, sapo, soap) Soaps Soaps form water-insoluble salts when used in water containing Ca(II), Mg(II), and Fe(III) ions (hard water) Phosphoacylglycerols Phosphoacylglycerols (phosphoglycerides) are the second most abundant group of naturally occurring lipids found almost exclusively in plant and animal membranes, which typically consist of 40% -50% phosphoacylglycerols and 50% - 60% proteins the most abunda