超声机械振荡的弹性.docVIP

超声波机械振荡的弹性特点 超声波是一种在弹性介质中的机械振荡,有两种形式:横向振荡(横波)及纵向振荡(纵波)。在工业中应用主要采用纵向振荡。超声波可以在气体、液体及固体中传播,其传播速度不同。另外,它也有折射和反射现象,并且在传播过程中有衰减。超声波在媒质中的反射、折射、衍射、散射等传播 规律 ,与可听声波的规律并没有本质上的区别。与可听声波比较,超声波具有许多奇异特性:传播特性──超声波的衍射本领很差,它在均匀介质中能够定向直线传播,超声波的波长越短,这一特性就越显著。功率特性──当声音在空气中传播时,推动空气中的微粒往复振动而对微粒做功。在相同强度下,声波的频率越高,它所具有的功率就越大。由于超声波频率很高,所以超声波与一般声波相比,它的功率是非常大的。空化作用──当超声波在液体中传播时,由于液体微粒的剧烈振动,会在液体内部产生小空洞。这些小空洞迅速胀大和闭合,会使液体微粒之间发生猛烈的撞击作用,从而产生几千到上万个大气压的压强。微粒间这种剧烈的相互作用,会使液体的温度骤然升高,从而使两种不相溶的液体(如水和油)发生乳化,并且加速溶质的溶解,加速化学反应。这种由超声波作用在液体中所引起的各种效应称为超声波的空化作用。 Ultrasound is a mechanical oscillation in the elastic medium, there are two kinds of forms: horizontal oscillation (shear wave) and the longitudinal oscillation (longitudinal wave). In industrial applications mainly adopts longitudinal oscillations. Ultrasonic can spread in gas, liquid and solid, the transmission speed is different. In addition, it also has the phenomenon of refraction and reflection, and in the process of transmission attenuation. Ultrasonic in the medium such as reflection, refraction, diffraction, scattering and spread rule, and the rule of audible sound waves there is essentially no difference between. Compared with audible sound waves, ultrasonic has many strange properties: propagation characteristics ─ ─ ultrasonic diffraction ability is very poor, it can directional rectilinear propagation in homogeneous medium, the ultrasound of the shorter the wavelength, this feature is more significant. Power features ─ ─ when sound in air, pushing the particles in the air reciprocating vibration particles for doing work. Under the same intensity, the higher the frequency of sound waves, it has the greater the power. Due to the ultrasonic frequency is very high, so ultrasound compared with general sound waves, its power is very big. Cavitation ─ ─ when the spread of ultrasound in liquid, due to the liquid particle vibration, can produce small hole inside the liquid. These small hole expands rapidly and closed, can make the liquid particles betw