湿地的概念类型.PDF

第一章湿地的概念、类型 大纲 • 湿地(wetland)名称的由来； • 湿地的定义； • 湿地的类型； • 中国湿地类型与分布。 1、湿地(wetland)名称的由来 • 湿地：最早是1956年美国联邦政府开展 湿地清查和编目时使用的。 • 1971年2月，由前苏联、加拿大、澳大利 亚等36个国家在伊朗小镇拉姆萨尔签署 的《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际 重要湿地公约》－《湿地公约》。 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat Kinds of Wetlands Vary based on geographic location, language, etc. • Bog – peat-accumulating with no • Playa – marshlike ponds similar to inflows or outflows; supports potholes (southwest U.S.) mosses • Pothole – shallow, marshlike pond; • Bottomland – lowlands along found in Dakotas and Canada streams and rivers • Reedswamp – marsh dominated • Fen – ground-water fed; peat by common reed (Europe) accumulating • Slough – swamp or shallow lake • Marsh – frequently inundated; system emergent herbaceous vegetation • Swamp – wetland dominated by • Mire – peat-accumulating (Europe) trees or shrubs • Moor – peat-accumulating (Europe) • Vernal Pool – shallow, • Muskeg – Large expanses of intermittently flooded wet meadow peatlands or bogs (Canada/Alaska) • Wet Meadow – grassland with • Peatland – any wetland that waterlogged soil near the surface – accumulates decaying plant matter without water for most of year • Wet Prairie – similar to marsh but water levels intermediate between marsh and wet meadow Source: Mitsch W J, Gosselink J G. Wetlands. 1993 2 、湿地的定义 湿地分布广泛，类型繁多，相互间差别很大，给湿地下一个 确切的定义比较困难。一个完整的湿地定义涉及多学科的方 法，不同学科科学家的专业领域不同，他们对湿地的定义也 不同： • 从生态学角度，湿地是介于陆地