AN INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM REFINING （介绍炼油）.pdf

ENERGY ECONOMICS APPLIED OPTIMIZATION AN INTRODUCTION TO PETROLEUM REFINING AND THE PRODUCTION OF ULTRA LOW SULFUR GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL Prepared for: October 24, 2011 P.O. Box 34404 Bethesda, Maryland 20827-0404 Voice: 301-951-9006 ♦ Email: mathpro@ ♦ URL: PETROLEUM REFINING AND THE PRODUCTION OF ULSG AND ULSD OCTOBER 24, 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction1 2. Petroleum Refining at a Glance 2 3. Crude Oil at a Glance 3 3.1 The Chemical Constituents of Crude Oil 3 3.2 Characterizing Crude Oils 5 3.2.1 API Gravity (Density) 5 3.2.2 Sulfur Content 6 3.2.3 Classifying Crude Oils by API Gravity and Sulfur Content 6 3.3 Crude Oil Quality and Refining Economics 8 3.3.1 Average Crude Oil Quality is Trending Down 8 3.3.2 Crude Oil Quality Influences Crude Oil Pricing 9 4. Fundamentals of Refinery Processing11 4.1 Classifying Refineries by Configuration and Complexity 13 4.2 Classes of Refining Processes 13 4.2.1 Crude Distillation 16 4.2.2 Conversion (Cracking) Processes 17 4.2.3 Upgrading Processes 20 4.2.4 Treating (Hydrotreating) Processes 23 4.2.5 Separation Processes 24 4.2.6 Utilities and Support Operations 25 4.2.7 Product Blending 26 5. Fundamentals of ULSF Production27 5.1 Key Properties of Gasoline and Diesel Blendstocks 27 5.1.1 Gasoline Blendstocks 27 5.1.2 Diesel Blendstocks 28 5.1.3 The Special Role of the