Basic Identities University of Notre Dame（基本的身份圣母大学）.pdf

MATH 10560: CALCULUS II TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS Basic Identities The functions cos(θ) and sin(θ) are defined to be the x and y coordinates of the point at an angle of θ 2 2 on the unit circle. Therefore, sin(−θ) = − sin(θ), cos(−θ) = cos(θ), and sin (θ) + cos (θ) = 1. The other trigonometric functions are defined in terms of sine and cosine: tan(θ) = sin(θ)/ cos(θ) cot(θ) = cos(θ)/ sin(θ) = 1/ tan(θ) sec(θ) = 1/ cos(θ) csc(θ) = 1/ sin(θ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Dividing sin (θ) + cos (θ) = 1 by cos (θ) or sin (θ) gives tan (θ) + 1 = sec (θ) and 1 + cot (θ) = csc (θ). Addition Formulas The following two addition formulas are fundamental: sin(A + B) = sin(A) cos(B) + cos(A) sin(B) cos(A + B) = cos(A) cos(B) − sin(A) sin(B) They can be used to prove simple identities like sin(π/2 − θ) = sin(π/2) cos(θ) + cos(π/2) sin(θ) = cos(θ), or cos(x − π) = cos(x) cos(π) − sin(x) sin(π) = − cos(x). If we set A = B in the addition formulas we get the double-angle formulas: 2 2 sin(2A) = 2 sin(A) cos(A) cos(2A) = cos (A) − sin (A) 2 2 2 The formula for cos(2A) is ofte