Basics of Echocardiography For Anesthesiologists（超声心动图对麻醉医师的基础）.pdfVIP

Basics of Echocardiography For Anesthesiologists Dr. Thomas Koshy, Professor in Cardiac Anesthesiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala Echocardiography – the use of ultrasound to examine the heart- is a safe, powerful, non-invasive and painless technique. The introduction of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has provided a new acoustic window to the heart and mediastinum. High-quality images of most cardiovascular structures can be obtained readily. TEE has revolutionized cardiac anesthesia and has become increasingly important in the management of patients in the ICU and during certain non-cardiac surgical procedures as well. As we view the field of echocardiography in the current decade, it is almost impossible to conceive of a state-of-the-art cardiac OR without an echo machine. HOW ECHO HELPS IN OR/ICU  Augment preoperative evaluation  Surgical decision planning  Evaluation of surgical results  Hemodynamic assessment/ Differential diagnosis of hypotension TEE is associated with a long learning curve because the complexities of transducer positioning, imaging sector alignment and the three dimensional cardiac anatomy, that are not familiar to most beginners. PHYSICS OF ULTRASOUND BASIC PRINCIPLES In TEE, the heart and great vessels are insonated with ultrasound from probe inside the esophagus, which is sound above the human audible range (frequency above 20.000 Hz). Frequency within the range of human hearing (20-20,000 Hz) are referred to as audio frequencies, while those ab