Bending, Shear and Torsion Aerostudents（弯曲、剪切和扭转Aerostudents）.pdf

Bending, Shear and Torsion It is time to examine some basic loads that beams can be subject to. We especially look at thin-walled beams, as they frequently occur in Aerospace Engineering. We can then derive general methods and equations. With those, we can find the stresses that are present in the beam. 1 Bending of Beams We start by examining bending. This is because we need the bending equations when we examine shear. 1.1 Definitions and conventions for bending Let’s examine a beam of any shape. Just like in the previous chapter, its longitudinal axis lies on the z-axis. Now the beam is subject to a bending moment M . We can dissolve this bending moment M into a component Mx about the x-axis and a component My about the y-axis. Let’s discuss the sign convention of these moments. We say a moment Mx is positive, if it causes (positive) tensile stresses in the region y 0. Similarly, My is positive, if it causes tensile stresses in the region x 0. We can see that Mx satisfies the right hand rule (it is directed counterclockwise if you look at it from the positive x-direction). However, the moment My does not satisfy this rule. If you look at it from the positive y-axis, it is directed clockwise. When evaluating bending, we will have to use moments of inertia. There are the moment of inertia about the x-axis Ixx , the moment of inertia about the y-axis Iyy and the product of inertia Ixy . They are defined as Ixx = A y2 dA, Iyy = A x2 dA and Ixy = A xy dA. (1.1) 1.2 The general bending equation The bending moments Mx and My cause the beam to bend. Now let’s look at the cross-section of the beam. Part of the beam is subject to tensile stresses, while the other part is in compression. The