Cell Biology Nicholls State University（细胞生物学尼科尔斯州立大学）.pdf

Cell Biology A cell is chemical system that is able to maintain its structure and reproduce. Cells are the fundamental unit of life. All living things are cells or composed of cells. 1 The interior contents of cells is the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is isolated from the surrounding environment by the ______ ______ . There are two fundamentally different forms of cells. __________ cells - relatively simple cells - lack nuclear membrane and many organelles - bacteria and their relatives are all prokaryotic ___________ cells - more complex cells - have a nucleus and many organelles - all cells of plants, animals, fungi, and protists 2 Most cells are small Prokaryotic: 1-10 µm Eukaryotic: 10 - 100 µm (1 µm = .001 mm) Cells and organelles 3 Organelles, Macromolecules, Atoms 4 Why are cells small? As cell size increases the volume increases much faster than the surface area. Cells obtain nutrients, gain information and rid waste through their plasma membrane. As cell size increases, a cell’s ability to exchange with its environment becomes limited by the amount of membrane area that is available for exchange. 5 Robert Hooke - 1665 - using an early microscope viewed cork and saw many repeating box-like structures and called them “cells.” What he saw were spaces surrounded by walls that once contained living Since Hooke’s fi